How can airport authorities make runways safety higher?

ICAO 4:

First of all, runway safety is beyond airport authorities. Airlines should also provide safety measures, as much as staff and crew members.
Basically airports have to keep any hazards away from the runways, for example:
– Checking for debris regularly;
– Providing fences and wall around the airport’s area;
– Taking special care of the runway pavement ;
– supplying the ground staff with necessary training and
consequently avoiding runway incursions caused by their own negligence.

ICAO 5:

First of all, Ensuring runway safety extends beyond the purview of the airport authorities, as airlines are also responsible for implementing safety measures.

Anyway, Basically, airports must mitigate all hazards around the runways by:

Conducting regular debris checks;
Installing perimeter fences and walls;
Maintaining runway pavement;
and Finally, providing with requisite training, as much as ground staff and crew members, to avoid any runway incursions brought about by their own negligence.

What did you expect from your first solo flight?

ICAO 4:

Well, I expected everything good.
I had good expectations for my first experience flying on my own, and the whole flight succeeded as my positive feelings and vibrations.
It was a great and unforgettable experience.

ICAO 5:

Well, I expected everything good.

Because with all the knowledges and skills which I had acquired throughout my training, I certainly had good reasons and expectations to carry out an excellent and outstanding solo flight.

Well… To make a long story short, the whole flight succeeded as my positive feelings and vibrations, ending up in a remarkable and unforgettable experience.

Everything went Smooth as a Cadillac, that I was even able to film myself during the flight

In take off roll, how do pilots know it’s time to lift off?

ICAO 4:

During all the takeoff roll, pilots must watch all the instruments showing the speed, engine parameters and the essential information for takeoff. The lift off moment comes when the ideal pitch is adjusted to the ideal takeoff roll speed.

ICAO 5:

Throughout the entire takeoff roll, pilots are required to watch over all pertinent instruments which are displaying crucial information such as:

speed;

engine parameters, as well as other vital data necessary for takeoff.

The crucial moment of liftoff depends on achieving the optimal pitch in conjunction with the ideal takeoff roll airspeed.

How do pilots determine V1, V2 speeds and the rotation moment?

ICAO 4:

Every kind of aircraft has its particular take off weight, the runways have their particular length and every day we have some different temperature to be considered. All of these factors calculated together contribute for the adjustment of V1, V2 and the rotation moment.

ICAO 5:

Each aircraft type has its unique takeoff weight, as well as each runway is designated with a specific pavement, length and slope.

In addition, daily, we may have several variation of the meteorologic conditions such as: temperature, wind and air density.

Anyway, all of these factors are meticulously calculated and integrated into the adjustment of V1, V2, and the rotation moment during takeoff.